o PROCEDURE
Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make
something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the
instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final
purpose)
Language features :
• Use of
imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
• Use of
action verbs (turn, put)
• Use of
connectives(first, then, finally)
RECOUNT
Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened
in the past through a sequence of events.
Generic Structure of Recount:
1. Orientation
( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events (
tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation
( optional – closure of events)
Language features Recount:
• Use of
pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
• Use of
action verbs in past (went, studied)
• Use of
past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
• Use of
adverbial phrases
• Use of
adjectives
NARRATIVE
Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers
with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals
with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to
the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:
1. Orientation
( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication
( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution
( provide solution to the problem)
Language features Narrative:
• Use of
noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• Use of
adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of
simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
• Use of
action verbs ( walked, slept)
• Use of
adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
DESCRIPTION
Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular
person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:
1. Identification
(identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description
(describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features descriptive:
• Focus on
specific participants
• Use of
attributive and identifying processes
• Frequent
use classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of
the Simple Present Tense
NEWS ITEM
Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners
about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:
1. News
worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background
events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources (
comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the
event)
Language features news item:
• Information
on the use of head lines.
• Use of
action verbs( hit, attack)
• Use of
saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
• Use of
passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
• Use of
adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)
REPORT
Social function report: To describe the way things are (for
example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a
representative of their class.
Text organization report:
1. General
classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under
discussion is.)
2. Description
(tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities,
habits/behaviour).
Language features report:
• Use of
general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
• Use of
present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
• Use of
behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
• Use of
technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
• Use of
relating verbs (is, are, has)
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the
readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
1. Thesis
(usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the
writer’s position)
2. Arguments
(consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary,
but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration
(restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)
Language features analytical exposition:
• Emotive
words such as : alarmed, worried.
• Words
that qualify statements such as: usual probably
• Words
that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
• Usually
present tense
• Compound
and complex sentences
SPOOF
Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous
twist.
Generic structure spoof text:
1. Orientation
(who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events (
tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist
(provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features spoof:
• Use of
connectives (first, then, finally)
• Use of
adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of
simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the
readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
1. Thesis (
stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments
( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation
(stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language features hortatory exposition:
• Emotive
words: alarmed, worried
• Words
that qualify statements: usual probably
• Words
that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
• Usually
present tense
• Compound
and complex sentences
• Modal
auxiliary: can, may, should, must
EXPLANATION
Social function explanation: To explain the process involved
in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation:
1. A general
statement to position the reader
2. A
sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing
Language features explanation:
• Focus on
generic, non-human participants.
• Use
mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense,
passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences,
and technical language.
DISCUSSION
Social function discussion: To present information and
opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure discussion:
1. Opening
statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments
or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding
recommendation
Language features discussion:
• Use of
general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
• Use of
relating verbs: is, are, etc.
• Use of
thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
• Use of
additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
• Use of
contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
• Use of
causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
• Use of
modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
• Use of
adverbial manner: hopefully.
REVIEW
Social function review: To critique an art work or event for
a public audience
Generic structure review:
1. Orientation
( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation
( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist
of more than one.
3. Interpretative
Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative
summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the
art works being criticized.
Language features review:
• Focus on
specific participants
• Use of
adjectives
• Use of
long and complex clauses
• Use of
metaphor
• Reviews
are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include:
movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.
